IMSS-BASED INDONESIAN DEFENSE CONCEPT MAP FOR THE SUNDA STRAIT REGION

Article Info ABSTRACT Articlehistory: Received Nov 17, 2021 Revised Dec 21, 2021 Accepted Jan 20, 2022 The Indonesian Archipelago Seaway (ALKI) is a strategic area with heavy ship traffic. Starting with ships entering and exiting the Straits of Melaka (ALKI I), the Straits of Makassar (ALKI II) to the Papuaan waters (ALKI III).To protect and regulate seaway in Indonesian territorial waters, a centralized system is needed that can monitor all ships passing through Indonesian waters.Integrated Maritime Surveillance System (IMSS) is one of the latest technologies used by the militaries in many countries. Indonesia is one of the countries that has beganto implement IMSS in the marine defense system.In this paper, we conduct an evaluation of the IMSS concept in Indonesian waters to improve the seaway security. The results of the study conducted show thatthe implementation of monitoring systems using IMSS systems is important and needs to be implemented, especially in the ALKI I region, especially in the Sunda Strait. This requires good performance and coordination between the people and departments responsible for their respective responsibilities and functions. In practice, however, leadership in implementing information systems development and implementing IMSS-based oversight within the Navy still faces various hurdles.


INTRODUCTION
The Indonesian Archipelago Seaway (ALKI) is a strategic area with heavy ship traffic. Start with ships entering and exiting the Straits of Malacca (ALKI I), the Straits of Makassar (ALKI II) to Papuan waters (ALKI III). For this strategic benefit, the Indonesian Ministry of Defense, together with the Indonesian Navy, has deployed special equipment at various strategic monitoring points. One of them is located in the Sunda Strait. The device is called the Integrated Maritime Surveillance System (IMSS) [7. 8].
IMSS is a maritime surveillance system that is integrated between a coast surveillance station (CSS) or land surveillance station and other surveillance centers. CSS is integrated with Indonesian Warship (KRI), Regional Command Center (RCC) or Regional Control Center and Fleet Command Center (FCC) or Fleet Control Center ( Figure 1). [1] 2. There is also an automatic identification station (AIS) that provides information on the vessel's name and nickname, IMO number, vessel size and type, vessel draught, vessel departure and arrival times, vessel destination, latitude and longitude position, vessel course, and speed. Ships," Danlanal said. The data about ships are always updated on an international scale within a certain period. Therefore, unregistered ships can be defined as unknown ships. Ships with people can still be detected on this radar. IMSS is equipped with VHF radio, which functions as a means of communicating with ships bypassing land monitoring stations Plus HF Radio, as a backup for RCC communication data if VSAT is not available, or as a communication to ships with RCC or via CSS A means of. There is also a day camera (daytime camera) and a FLIR camera (nighttime camera) for taking pictures of ships passing by CSS (m photo) (Figure 3). The camera can be moved directly from RCC or FCC without notifying CSS. 3. Tacticos Fully Distributed Architecture (Source: https://indonesiacompanynews.wordpress.com/2014/08/27/pt-len-peroleh-kontrak-ekspor-perangkat-lunakkapal-perang/) Another supporting facility of IMSS is Nobletec, whose function is to monitor the position of ships passing through the CSS and to communicate with the RCC and FCC via a text messaging application. CSS system power comes from two 15 KWh diesel generators.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
IMSS is one of the latest military technology tools. Many countries around the world use it as one of their national defense and security systems. Currently, Indonesia has 20 Coastal Watch Systems (CSS) i.e., 10 in the Strait of Malacca and 10 in the Strait of Makassar. There are also 11 KRIs with IMSS. Three KRIs are attached to the Western Indonesia Regional Fleet Command and eight KRIs are attached to the Eastern Indonesia Regional Fleet Command. Indonesia also has two regional command centers, RCC Batam and RCC Manado, two fleet command centers, FCC Jakarta and FCC Surabaya, and a headquarters (HQ), HQ Cilangkap ( Figure 4  In order to compile, plan, construct, maintain and develop the Marine Matera state defense information and technology system, various theories and concepts that are supported and related to the system requirements are needed. The threat of non-traditional warfare (NTW) or asymmetric warfare using IT will become more prominent. Considering that this can be done, can happen at any time, and can be carried out by anyone at any place, the most important thing is that they have sufficient facility. Based on these threats, we need network forces with sufficient system defense and security capabilities. The required information system must have the capability to provide information support (Information In War/IIW), information war (IW) and information cooperation (Information Cooperation/IC) in war.In order to realize this interest in its development and development, various theories and concepts are required, including C4ISR, Dekenitetiko, Net-Centric Warfare (NCW) and Net-Centric Operation (NCO) and other related concepts. Detection, surveillance and observation activities are very decisive basic capabilities and advantages to obtain data or phenomena appearing around us, while weather conditions, terrain and enemy intelligence and analysis results are the basic principles of observation orientation in military operations. Therefore, these two aspects need to work together to obtain the best strengths and capabilities. Armies in various developed countries have formed a task force based on this to conduct command and control operations to monitor, manage and control conflict. If the military informatization functions are combined and fully implemented in a certain system, it will be able to improve the quantity and quality of all military operations.In general, the term military information capability is used by militaries around the world to gain the ability to improve information capabilities in all aspects of performing military missions.
C4ISR/K4IPP, and DeKeNiTeTiKo, is a very important concept of activities and capabilities in defense systems, and is a decision-making process based on data collection and processing and utilization of strategic environmental information.
[3] This capability is essential in command and control activities where speed and accuracy are very decisive factors considering the limited time required solving various problems and the very wide and complex problems faced 1. C4ISR/K4IPP stands for Command, Control, Communication, Computer, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance. [4] C4ISR is a defensive combat system that provides information capabilities to support the interests of leaders in the decision-making process and consists of a series of monitoring, observation, and reconnaissance processes and activities as well as the communication and cooperation of information about situations and conditions, the collection and processing of data through computers and other ancillary facilities and equipment to support the decision-making process to determine the appropriate object or event of action for a particular event and the implementation of command and control. 2. DeKeNiTeTiKo (in Indonesian Language), which stands for Detect, Recognize, Value, Forward, Action and Command ( Figure 5), is a basic concept in the maritime defense combat system and is implemented in the activities of the operational information center (PIT) and command and control center (Puskodal). The Dekenitetiko concept is an indigenous concept proposed and developed by the Indonesian Navy according to the actual needs of maritime operations, so this series of activities marks all the activities that need to be carried out in maritime command and control activities.Dekenitetiko is a series of procedures and activities that Detect, Recognize, Value, Forward, Action and Command an object or event. Surveillance, observation and reconnaissance activities carried out by manual, optical and electronic means collect and process data based on the results of detection activities to provide information for the benefit of leaders to understand the situation and conditions in order to be able to identify and assess an object or event. To support the decision-making process to determine appropriate actions, and to communicate and collaborate with information to transmit information and news in the execution of command and control.  Puskodal has missions at the strategic, tactical and technical operational command and control level within the Navy, in this case, as an example, the main mission of TNI AL Puskodal, of a strategic nature (Figure 6), including the following missions: 1. The mission of Command and Control (Kodal) is to conduct command and control of operations within the Indonesian Navy, collect, evaluate and process data and provide information, including: a. Operations and training activities. b. Stability and operational readiness and composition of the Integrated Fleet Weapons System (SSAT). c. Strength of non-TNI AL Marines. d. Potential for non-TNI marine fleet strength. e. Potential for Maritime Services Industry Capabilities. f. Naval activities other than warfare. 2. Coordinate with Pusdalops TNI and Puskodal Forces and Polri on various types of operational data and information. 3. Supervise and control the operation of the Indonesian Naval Operational Command Center 4. Prepare operational needs and regulate the readiness of the Puskodal Headquarters. 5. Develop various manuals (Persuasion) in the field of information on operations and training of the Navy. 6. In an emergency, it can be assigned as an alternative to replace the TNI's Pusdalops.
Basic Concepts and Capability of the TNI-AL Puskodal Information System, is a combination of the two concepts that describe activities and utilize the capabilities of C4ISR and the Dekenitetiko concept, in particular the capabilities of facilities and activities, as follows: [2] 1. Command and Control, is the ability of the system to support the activity of delivering instructions/orders containing activities or directives that must be carried out, from the authorized leadertoall related elements/operational units and are within their duties and responsibilities and authorities , orally (voice) or in writing, either directly or indirectly, to take actions, assignments or other activities in overcoming or anticipating a particular problem or event, by using the available communication facilities in the form of radio, telephone, computer network or other facilities available. Owned. 2. Communication is the ability of the system to support the activity of delivering data or multimedia information from one place to another, directly or in stages according to needs and abilities. 3. Computer (Computer) is the ability of the system to support data or information needs through the process of collecting and processing data and presenting multimedia information, for various purposes in supporting all command and control activities. 4. Intelligence is the ability of the system to support data collection, evaluation and analysis of information as a result of intelligence activities which include investigation, security and rising. Observation and Reconnaissance (Surveilance and Recognation), is the ability of the system to support and carry out detection activities, on an element, target or object as well as certain events at sea, so that it can be detected early and monitored all the time needed, using facilities and equipment which are owned. The capability of facilities and equipment as well as the superiority of information owned and produced by a system that adheres to the C4ISR concept, in particular the ability to communicate, computer, intelligence, observation and reconnaissance in an integrated and optimal manner is used to carry out activities of Detection, Recognition, Assessment of certain objects/targets or events. As input in the decision-making process to be able to determine the actions that needs to be taken. The next activity is to continue or communicate using the facilities owned in accordance with the interests and operational needs, in this case is to forward data, information or orders to take actions in the form of command and control for lower units. Detailed activities of how and who detects, recognizes, assesses, proceeds, takes action and gives command will be explained later. The implementation of C4ISR / K4IPP, in Dekenitetiko, can generally be seen in Puskodal activities at the technical, tactical and strategic levels. Basically, as previously explained, the two concepts are identical, but in order to facilitate understanding in providing an overview of activities sequentially in the implementation of Puskodal, the activities are adjusted to the activities of Dekenitetiko. So that the activities in C4ISR will be presented as equivalents or similarities to the activities carried out, besides that the facilities and activities in C4ISR will be interpreted as elements or activities in realizing the capabilities carried out in the Dekenitetiko concept, which consists of the following activities: 1. Detection, which has the same meaning and function with Surveillance and Reconnaissance on C4ISR. a. Activities carried out include observation, reconnaissance and monitoring in order to detect certain elements, targets or objects as well as various events at sea, early. b. Implementing activities, consisting of Puskodal, RCC (Region Command Center), CSS (Coastal Surveillance System), KRI, Pesud (Maritime Patrol), Posal, Intelligence Operations, Other Operations Elements, TNI Agencies, Non-TNI Agencies (Government/Private), Society, News/Information Domestic/Foreign, etc. c. The facilities used, according to the equipment owned by each, include Radar, Long Range Camera, Binoculars, Internet, Radio and Satellite, Telephone and other Detection Equipment/Information and Communication Facilities. 2. Recognize, which has the same function with Computer (Computer), detection equipment and Intelligence Data (Intelligent) on C4ISR. a. Activities carried out include study and research to be able to identify certain Elements, Targets or Objects as well as various events at sea, clearly. b. Implementing activities, consisting of Puskodal, RCC, CSS and Posal as observers. c. The facilities used, according to the equipment and facilities owned by each, including AIS (Automatic Information System), LRC (Long Range Camera), computer data processing, to obtain information about objects, targets or events equipped with application systems and data base and other supporters.