Retraction & Withdrawal

Authors may request withdrawal before acceptance by providing a reasonable explanation to the Editorial Office.

Article Retraction

Published articles may be retracted if:

• Evidence of research misconduct is discovered.
• Plagiarism is identified.
• Data fabrication or falsification is proven.
• Serious ethical violations occur.
• Duplicate publication is confirmed.

Retraction notices will remain permanently available and linked to the original article to preserve the scholarly record.